Table 3 Adjusted associations between ln-units of maternal serum POPs and BMI-for-age-and-sex z-scores, subscapular and triceps skinfold z-scores (βs and 95% CIs) and child obesity/overweight (OR and 95% CI) at 5 years of age, overall and by country
Maternal serum POPs | Child outcomes at five-year follow-up (n = 412) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants (n = 412)a | Norway (n = 254)b | Sweden (n = 158)b | ||
BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score | ||||
β (95% CI) | p int c | |||
PFOS | 0.18 (0.01, 0.35) | 0.30 (0.08, 0.51) | −0.11 (−0.41, 0.19) | 0.039 |
PFOA | 0.18 (−0.03, 0.39) | 0.32 (0.05, 0.60) | −0.07 (−0.41, 0.27) | 0.129 |
PCB 153 | 0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) | 0.45 (0.03, 0.87) | 0.11 (−0.43, 0.65) | 0.509 |
p,p’-DDE | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.02 (−0.24, 0.29) | 0.932 |
HCB | 0.16 (−0.13, 0.45) | 0.36 (−0.03, 0.75) | −0.11 (−0.56, 0.34) | 0.154 |
b-HCH | 0.17 (−0.08, 0.43) | 0.17 (−0.16, 0.51) | 0.14 (−0.26, 0.55) | 0.823 |
t-NC | 0.11 (−0.13, 0.35) | 0.23 (−0.07, 0.54) | −0.12 (−0.53, 0.29) | 0.380 |
Triceps skinfold z-score | ||||
β (95% CI) | ||||
PFOS | 0.15 (0.02, 0.27) | 0.20 (0.06, 0.35) | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.22) | 0.255 |
PFOA | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.24 (0.05, 0.42) | −0.05 (−0.33, 0.23) | 0.223 |
PCB 153 | −0.08 (−0.31, 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.27, 0.31) | −0.33 (−0.77, 0.11) | 0.638 |
p,p’-DDE | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) | 0.004 (−0.13, 0.14) | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.10) | 0.905 |
HCB | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.24) | 0.07 (−0.20, 0.35) | −0.11 (−0.48, 0.26) | 0.914 |
b-HCH | 0.10 (−0.08, 0.29) | 0.10 (−0.13, 0.32) | 0.07 (−0.27, 0.41) | 0.271 |
t-NC | −0.03 (−0.20, 0.15) | 0.05 (−0.16, 0.25) | −0.32 (−0.64, 0.02) | 0.497 |
Subscapular skinfold z-score | ||||
β (95% CI) | ||||
PFOS | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.20) | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.29) | −0.07 (−0.35, 0.22) | 0.304 |
PFOA | −0.03 (−0.20, 0.15) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.25) | −0.11 (−0.42, 0.21) | 0.470 |
PCB 153 | −0.05 (−0.32, 0.23) | 0.07 (−0.26, 0.41) | −0.30 (−0.80, 0.20) | 0.432 |
p,p’-DDE | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.18, 0.11) | −0.10 (−0.34, 0.14) | 0.917 |
HCB | −0.08 (−0.33, 0.17) | −0.05 (−0.36, 0.27) | −0.21 (−0.62, 0.20) | 0.977 |
b-HCH | 0.14 (−0.07, 0.35) | 0.10 (−0.16, 0.36) | 0.17 (−0.21, 0.55) | 0.528 |
t-NC | −0.13 (−0.34, 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.16) | −0.34 (−0.71, 0.04) | 0.698 |
Overweight (≥ 85th percentile) | ||||
OR (95% CI) | ||||
N overweight/total | 52/412 (13%) | 36/254 (14%) | 16/158 (10%) | |
PFOS | 2.04 (1.11–3.74) | 2.96 (1.42–6.15) | 0.71 (0.21–2.45) | 0.098 |
PFOA | 1.61 (0.75–3.46) | 2.90 (1.10–7.63) | 0.50 (0.12–2.06) | 0.119 |
PCB 153 | 1.37 (0.42–4.49) | 2.13 (0.49–9.26) | 0.60 (0.06–6.03) | 0.944 |
p,p’-DDE | 0.88 (0.52–1.49) | 1.11 (0.58–2.14) | 0.61 (0.20–1.83) | 0.792 |
HCB | 1.51 (0.55–4.13) | 2.30 (0.62–8.50) | 0.60 (0.10–3.62) | 0.806 |
b-HCH | 2.14 (0.86–5.32) | 2.17 (0.67–6.99) | 1.56 (0.29–8.39) | 0.529 |
t-NC | 1.44 (0.63–3.31) | 1.69 (0.62–4.62) | 0.78 (0.15–1.19) | 0.745 |