Fig. 1

Hazard Ratios (95% CI) of short-term ambient PM2.5 exposure (average daily PM2.5 Lag 0–1) on all-cause mortality, CVD-specific mortality, and CVD incidence among HD patients, 2011–2016. The reported effect estimates were obtained from models that adjusted for time since dialysis initiation, temperature, relative humidity, day of the week (DOW), season (warm vs cold), age at dialysis initiation, race, employment status at dialysis initiation, and geographic region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) at dialysis initiation