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Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of stroke associated with 1-year air pollution exposure at baseline (per IQR increase) in the two-exspoure models

From: A cohort study evaluating the risk of stroke associated with long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter in Taiwan

 

Single-exposure modela

Two-exposure modelsa, additionally adjusted for

PM2.5, μg/m3

SO2, ppb

NO2, ppb

Warm-season O3, ppb

CO, ppm

Temperature°C

Total Stroke

 PM2.5, μg/m3

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

–

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

1.03 (1.00–1.07)b

 SO2, ppb

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

1.02 (1.00–1.05)b

–

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

1.02 (1.00–1.05)b

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

1.02 (1.00–1.05)

 NO2, ppb

1.04 (1.00–1.07)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

–

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

1.03 (1.00–1.07)b

 Warm-season O3, ppb

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.96 (0.94–0.99)

0.98 (0.96–1.01)

0.98 (0.96–1.01)

–

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

 CO, ppm

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

1.02 (1.00–1.04)b

1.02 (1.00–1.04)b

1.02 (1.00–1.04)b

1.02 (1.00–1.0.4)

–

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

 Temperature, °C

1.02 (1.00–1.04)

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

–

Ischemic stroke

 PM2.5, μg/m3

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

–

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

1.07 (1.03–1.11)

1.03 (0.99–1.08)

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

 SO2, ppb

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

–

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

 NO2, ppb

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

–

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

 Warm-season O3, ppb

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

1.01 (0.98–1.03)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

–

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

 CO, ppm

1.04 (1.01–1.06)

1.02 (1.00–1.05)b

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

–

1.04 (1.02–1.07)

 Temperature, °C

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.99 (0.97–1.02)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

–

Hemorrhagic stroke

 PM2.5, μg/m3

0.95 (0.89–1.10)

–

0.95 (0.89–1.02)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

0.95 (0.88–1.02)

0.95 (0.88–1.01)

 SO2, ppb

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

0.99 (0.94–1.05)

–

0.96 (0.90–1.02)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

0.98 (0.93–1.04)

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

 NO2, ppb

1.02 (0.95–1.09)

1.05 (0.98–1.13)

1.05 (0.97–1.13)

–

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

 Warm-season O3, ppb

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

0.92 (0.87–0.96)

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

–

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

 CO, ppm

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

–

0.99 (0.94–1.03)

 Temperature, °C

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.99 (0.94–1.04)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

1.02 (0.96–1.07)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

0.99 (0.94–1.04)

–

  1. Abbreviations: CO carbon monoxide, IQR interquartile range, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, NOx nitrogen oxides, PM2.5 particulate matter of <2.5 μm in diameter, SO2 sulfur dioxide
  2. aThe model was adjusted for age, sex, income, and urbanization level
  3. bBorderline significance (P near 0.05)
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X