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Table 2 Association of physical activity or air pollution with risk of incident type 2 diabetes

From: Association of physical activity and air pollution exposure with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a large population-based prospective cohort study

Exposures

Events/ person-years

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

PA

Low

5923/375968

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Moderate

3976/380077

0.60 (0.58-0.62)

<0.001

0.82 (0.79-0.86)

<0.001

0.82 (0.79-0.86)

<0.001

High

3807/379561

0.51 (0.49-0.54)

<0.001

0.73 (0.70-0.77)

<0.001

0.73 (0.70-0.77)

<0.001

Per 600 MET-min/week

-

0.96 (0.96-0.97)

<0.001

0.98 (0.98-0.99)

<0.001

0.98 (0.98-0.99)

<0.001

P for trend

-

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

PM2.5

Low

3793/377286

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Moderate

4533/378435

1.22 (1.17-1.27)

<0.001

1.07 (1.02-1.11)

0.003

1.07 (1.02-1.11)

<0.001

High

5380/379886

1.52 (1.46-1.58)

<0.001

1.19 (1.14-1.24)

<0.001

1.18 (1.14-1.24)

<0.001

Per 5µg/m3

-

2.36 (2.19-2.54)

<0.001

1.47 (1.36-1.59)

<0.001

1.47 (1.36-1.59)

<0.001

P for trend

-

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

PMcoarse

Low

4168/378719

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Moderate

4621/379811

1.11 (1.07-1.16)

<0.001

1.02 (0.98-1.07)

0.263

1.02 (0.98-1.07)

0.263

High

4917/377076

1.20 (1.15-1.25)

<0.001

1.06 (1.02-1.11)

0.003

1.06 (1.02-1.11)

0.003

Per 5µg/m3

-

1.39 (1.27-1.52)

<0.001

1.15 (1.05-1.26)

0.002

1.15 (1.05-1.26)

0.003

P for trend

-

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

PM10

Low

4024/380363

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Moderate

4661/381420

1.19 (1.14-1.24)

<0.001

1.06 (1.02-1.11)

0.008

1.06 (1.02-1.11)

0.008

High

5021/373823

1.36 (1.30-1.41)

<0.001

1.13 (1.08-1.18)

<0.001

1.13 (1.08-1.18)

<0.001

Per 10µg/m3

-

1.98 (1.82-2.15)

<0.001

1.33 (1.21-1.45)

<0.001

1.33 (1.21-1.45)

<0.001

P for trend

-

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

NO2

Low

3820/383271

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

1.00 (reference)

-

Moderate

4632/382184

1.24 (1.19-1.30)

<0.001

1.08 (1.04-1.13)

<0.001

1.08 (1.04-1.13)

<0.001

High

5254/37150

1.52 (1.46-1.58)

<0.001

1.19 (1.14-1.24)

<0.001

1.19 (1.14-1.24)

<0.001

Per 10µg/m3

-

1.19 (1.17-1.21)

<0.001

1.08 (1.06-1.10)

<0.001

1.08 (1.06-1.10)

<0.001

P for trend

-

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

-

<0.001

  1. Abbreviation: CI Confidence interval, HR Hazard ratio, PA Physical activity
  2. aModel 1: adjusted for age, sex
  3. bModel 2: adjusted for Model 1 and race, education, household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, fruit and vegetable intake, family history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, depression, and cancer
  4. cModel 3: adjusted for Model 2 and air pollution or physical activity
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X