Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction

Zhang, Haoyu; Yang, Jing; Zhang, Yinghua; Xiao, Keling; Wang, Yang; Si, Jin; Li, Yan; Sun, Lijie; Sun, Jinghao; Yi, Ming; Chu, Xi; Li, Jing

doi:10.1186/s12940-024-01100-3

Environmental Health

Table 2 Associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and flow-mediated dilation (%) among all participants^{a, b}

From: Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction

			Quartile 2^*		Quartile 3^*		Quartile 4^*		P_trend	Continuous variables^**
			β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	P_trend	β (95% CI)	P value
7-day	PM_2.5	Crude model	-0.13 (-0.68, 0.41)	0.632	-0.19 (-0.74, 0.35)	0.490	-0.42 (-0.97, 0.13)	0.131	0.125	-0.05 (-0.11, 0.02)	0.177
		Model 1	-0.08 (-0.61, 0.46)	0.777	-0.10 (-0.64, 0.44)	0.723	-0.42 (-0.97, 0.13)	0.138	0.124	-0.05 (-0.11, 0.02)	0.155
		Model 2	-0.08 (-0.59, 0.43)	0.756	-0.13 (-0.65, 0.39)	0.620	-0.55 (-1.08, -0.02)	0.043	0.033	-0.07 (-0.13, -0.004)	0.037
	PM₁₀	Crude model	-0.19 (-0.74, 0.35)	0.486	0.06 (-0.48, 0.61)	0.821	-0.54 (-1.08, 0.004)	0.052	0.067	-0.05 (-0.10, 0.006)	0.086
		Model 1	-0.06 (-0.60, 0.47)	0.817	0.15 (-0.40, 0.70)	0.594	-0.41 (-0.96, 0.14)	0.139	0.139	-0.04 (-0.09, 0.01)	0.120
		Model 2	-0.17 (-0.69, 0.35)	0.515	0.10 (-0.43, 0.63)	0.715	-0.60 (-1.13, -0.07)	0.027	0.032	-0.05 (-0.10, -0.004)	0.036
	SO₂	Crude model	-0.06 (-0.60, 0.47)	0.814	0.11 (-0.44, 0.66)	0.690	-0.56 (-1.11, -0.02)	0.042	0.026	-0.02 (-0.06, 0.04)	0.557
		Model 1	-0.09 (-0.64, 0.45)	0.738	0.07 (-0.55, 0.68)	0.833	-0.60 (-1.32, 0.12)	0.103	0.053	-0.004 (-0.06, 0.06)	0.887
		Model 2	-0.22 (-0.74, 0.31)	0.420	-0.08 (-0.68, 0.51)	0.790	-0.78 (-1.47, -0.08)	0.030	0.019	-0.04 (-0.09, 0.02)	0.222
	NO₂	Crude model	-0.34 (-0.88, 0.20)	0.218	-0.48 (-1.03, 0.07)	0.087	-0.13 (-0.67, 0.42)	0.647	0.727	-0.01 (-0.15, 0.12)	0.839
		Model 1	-0.17 (-0.72, 0.38)	0.537	-0.34 (-0.96, 0.28)	0.279	-0.07 (-0.75, 0.61)	0.843	0.930	0.003 (-0.16, 0.17)	0.973
		Model 2	-0.25 (-0.77, 0.28)	0.362	-0.43 (-1.02, 0.17)	0.163	-0.25 (-0.90, 0.41)	0.459	0.540	-0.06 (-0.22, 0.11)	0.492
	CO	Crude model	0.59 (0.04, 1.13)	0.035	-0.21 (-0.74, 0.32)	0.430	-0.22 (-0.76, 0.32)	0.429	0.105	-0.01 (-0.05, 0.03)	0.578
		Model 1	0.53 (-0.007, 1.07)	0.053	-0.24 (-0.77, 0.29)	0.369	-0.24 (-0.82, 0.35)	0.421	0.111	-0.01 (-0.06, 0.03)	0.608
		Model 2	0.50 (-0.02, 1.03)	0.058	-0.15 (-0.66, 0.36)	0.576	-0.45 (-1.01, 0.12)	0.123	0.024	-0.03 (-0.07, 0.01)	0.189
	O₃	Crude model	-0.46 (-1.01, 0.09)	0.098	-0.39 (-0.93, 0.16)	0.162	-0.23 (-0.78, 0.32)	0.410	0.618	-0.009 (-0.05, 0.03)	0.634
		Model 1	-0.55 (-1.10, -0.005)	0.048	-1.20 (-2.16, -0.24)	0.015	-1.27 (-2.36, -0.19)	0.022	0.053	-0.08 (-0.15, -0.005)	0.037
		Model 2	-0.37 (-0.90, 0.16)	0.170	-0.98 (-1.91, -0.05)	0.040	-1.06 (-2.12, -0.01)	0.048	0.096	-0.08 (-0.15, -0.005)	0.036
14-day	PM_2.5	Crude model	-0.31 (-0.86, 0.23)	0.261	-0.43 (-0.97, 0.12)	0.127	-0.25 (-0.79, 0.30)	0.378	0.493	-0.002 (-0.08, 0.08)	0.971
		Model 1	-0.21 (-0.75, 0.33)	0.446	-0.33 (-0.88, 0.21)	0.226	-0.18 (-0.73, 0.37)	0.527	0.596	0.004 (-0.08, 0.09)	0.919
		Model 2	-0.25 (-0.77, 0.27)	0.350	-0.44 (-0.96, 0.09)	0.101	-0.30 (-0.84, 0.23)	0.264	0.306	-0.04 (-0.12, 0.05)	0.402
	PM₁₀	Crude model	-0.33 (-0.88, 0.21)	0.231	-0.34 (-0.89, 0.21)	0.220	-0.30 (-0.85, 0.24)	0.275	0.367	-0.03 (-0.09, 0.03)	0.353
		Model 1	-0.25 (-0.79, 0.30)	0.374	-0.21 (-0.78, 0.36)	0.469	-0.15 (-0.72, 0.42)	0.611	0.756	-0.01 (-0.08, 0.05)	0.675
		Model 2	-0.31 (-0.83, 0.22)	0.256	-0.21 (-0.76, 0.34)	0.446	-0.31 (-0.86, 0.24)	0.271	0.393	-0.04 (-0.10, 0.03)	0.256
	SO₂	Crude model	-0.06 (-0.60, 0.48)	0.817	-0.46 (-1.01, 0.09)	0.099	-0.47 (-1.02, 0.07)	0.090	0.062	-0.02 (-0.07, 0.03)	0.452
		Model 1	-0.08 (-0.64, 0.47)	0.774	-0.51 (-1.15, 0.13)	0.120	-0.50 (-1.31, 0.31)	0.224	0.255	0.005 (-0.06, 0.07)	0.881
		Model 2	-0.06 (-0.60, 0.47)	0.822	-0.56 (-1.18, 0.06)	0.078	-0.63 (-1.41, 0.15)	0.114	0.115	-0.03 (-0.09, 0.04)	0.411
	NO₂	Crude model	-0.37 (-0.92, 0.17)	0.180	-0.64 (-1.18, -0.10)	0.021	-0.03 (-0.57, 0.52)	0.915	0.768	0.02 (-0.14, 0.18)	0.793
		Model 1	-0.18 (-0.73, 0.37)	0.522	-0.37 (-1.04, 0.29)	0.268	0.09 (-0.63, 0.81)	0.812	0.782	0.09 (-0.11, 0.30)	0.376
		Model 2	-0.28 (-0.81, 0.25)	0.293	-0.48 (-1.12, 0.16)	0.139	-0.02 (-0.72, 0.67)	0.948	0.993	0.02 (-0.19, 0.22)	0.884
	CO	Crude model	-0.27 (-0.81, 0.28)	0.339	-0.56 (-1.10, -0.01)	0.045	-0.41 (-0.95, 0.14)	0.145	0.151	0.02 (-0.03, 0.07)	0.489
		Model 1	-0.31 (-0.86, 0.25)	0.285	-0.50 (-1.06, 0.06)	0.077	-0.39 (-1.01, 0.22)	0.205	0.247	0.03 (-0.03, 0.08)	0.326
		Model 2	-0.31 (-0.85, 0.23)	0.257	-0.37 (-0.91, 0.17)	0.180	-0.47 (-1.06, 0.12)	0.119	0.149	0.003 (-0.05, 0.06)	0.927
	O₃	Crude model	-0.18 (-0.72, 0.37)	0.529	0.12 (-0.43, 0.67)	0.662	-0.16 (-0.71, 0.39)	0.568	0.872	-0.004 (-0.04, 0.04)	0.846
		Model 1	-0.33 (-0.90, 0.23)	0.251	-0.18 (-1.55, 1.20)	0.800	-0.60 (-2.07, 0.88)	0.428	0.119	-0.09 (-0.18, -0.001)	0.047
		Model 2	-0.20 (-0.75, 0.35)	0.476	-0.11 (-1.43, 1.22)	0.877	-0.46 (-1.89, 0.96)	0.522	0.204	-0.08 (-0.17, 0.004)	0.063

^a PM_2.5, fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm; PM₁₀, inhalable particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm; SO₂, sulfur dioxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; CO, carbon monoxide; O₃, ozone; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval
^b Model 1 adjusted for age group (< 65 years and ≥ 65 years), sex, body mass index, smoking status, temperature, and season (warm: April to September; cold: October to March). Model 2 additionally adjusted for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, resting heart rate, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
^* Quartile 1 was as the reference
^** Continuous variables: per 10 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂ and O₃; per 1 µg/m³ increase in SO₂; per 0.1 mg/m³ increase in CO

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