Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction

Zhang, Haoyu; Yang, Jing; Zhang, Yinghua; Xiao, Keling; Wang, Yang; Si, Jin; Li, Yan; Sun, Lijie; Sun, Jinghao; Yi, Ming; Chu, Xi; Li, Jing

doi:10.1186/s12940-024-01100-3

Environmental Health

Table 3 Associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and flow-mediated dilation (%) among all participants^{a, b}

From: Age and sex differences in the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on endothelial dysfunction

12-month exposure		Quartile 2^*		Quartile 3^*		Quartile 4^*		P_trend	Continuous variables^**
12-month exposure		β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value	P_trend	β (95% CI)	P value
PM_2.5	Crude model	-0.12 (-0.67, 0.42)	0.657	-0.71 (-1.25, -0.17)	0.010	-0.45 (-0.99, 0.10)	0.109	0.208	-0.11 (-0.27, 0.05)	0.187
	Model 1	-0.15 (-0.68, 0.39)	0.590	-0.61 (-1.14, -0.07)	0.026	-0.45 (-0.99, 0.09)	0.099	0.180	-0.11 (-0.27, 0.05)	0.168
	Model 2	-0.31 (-0.82, 0.21)	0.245	-0.59 (-1.10, -0.07)	0.026	-0.69 (-1.21, -0.17)	0.010	0.025	-0.18 (-0.34, -0.03)	0.020
PM₁₀	Crude model	-0.08 (-0.62, 0.47)	0.786	-0.79 (-1.34, -0.24)	0.005	-0.46 (-1.00, 0.09)	0.101	0.097	-0.17 (-0.34, 0.009)	0.063
	Model 1	-0.09 (-0.63, 0.44)	0.737	-0.70 (-1.24, -0.16)	0.011	-0.45 (-0.99, 0.09)	0.099	0.097	-0.16 (-0.33, 0.01)	0.068
	Model 2	-0.28 (-0.80, 0.24)	0.287	-0.65 (-1.17, -0.13)	0.014	-0.69 (-1.21, -0.17)	0.010	0.013	-0.23 (-0.40, -0.06)	0.008
SO₂	Crude model	-0.15 (-0.69, 0.39)	0.576	-0.72 (-1.27, -0.17)	0.010	-0.45 (-1.00, 0.09)	0.105	0.307	-0.07 (-0.17, 0.03)	0.165
	Model 1	-0.16 (-0.69, 0.37)	0.556	-0.63 (-1.17, -0.09)	0.023	-0.46 (-0.99, 0.08)	0.096	0.253	-0.07 (-0.17, 0.02)	0.130
	Model 2	-0.24 (-0.76, 0.27)	0.354	-0.70 (-1.22, -0.18)	0.009	-0.70 (-1.22, -0.17)	0.009	0.037	-0.13 (-0.22, -0.03)	0.008
NO₂	Crude model	-0.04 (-0.58, 0.51)	0.896	-0.71 (-1.25, -0.16)	0.011	-0.48 (-1.03, 0.06)	0.082	0.088	-0.53 (-0.95, -0.11)	0.013
	Model 1	0.005 (-0.53, 0.54)	0.984	-0.58 (-1.12, -0.05)	0.033	-0.45 (-0.99, 0.08)	0.098	0.085	-0.51 (-0.92, -0.10)	0.015
	Model 2	-0.09 (-0.62, 0.43)	0.725	-0.54 (-1.06, -0.03)	0.040	-0.67 (-1.20, -0.15)	0.011	0.009	-0.65 (-1.05, -0.25)	0.001
CO	Crude model	-0.26 (-0.81, 0.28)	0.347	-0.60 (-1.14, -0.06)	0.031	-0.44 (-0.99, 0.11)	0.114	0.266	-0.07 (-0.16, 0.03)	0.161
	Model 1	-0.25 (-0.79, 0.29)	0.362	-0.54 (-1.07, -0.001)	0.049	-0.44 (-0.98, 0.10)	0.107	0.232	-0.07 (-0.16, 0.02)	0.142
	Model 2	-0.40 (-0.92, 0.12)	0.128	-0.54 (-1.05, -0.02)	0.042	-0.68 (-1.21, -0.16)	0.011	0.038	-0.11 (-0.20, -0.02)	0.016
O₃	Crude model	0.001 (-0.54, 0.55)	0.996	0.16 (-0.39, 0.70)	0.570	-0.62 (-1.16, -0.08)	0.026	0.040	-0.91 (-1.72, -0.09)	0.029
	Model 1	-0.04 (-0.58, 0.49)	0.880	0.14 (-0.40, 0.68)	0.609	-0.53 (-1.07, 0.006)	0.053	0.090	-0.77 (-1.58, 0.03)	0.059
	Model 2	-0.09 (-0.61, 0.42)	0.720	0.02 (-0.50, 0.55)	0.929	-0.59 (-1.11, -0.07)	0.027	0.045	-0.78 (-1.57, -0.00)	0.050

^a PM_2.5, fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm; PM₁₀, inhalable particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm; SO₂, sulfur dioxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; CO, carbon monoxide; O₃, ozone; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval
^b Model 1 adjusted for age group (< 65 years and ≥ 65 years), sex, body mass index, and smoking status. Model 2 additionally adjusted for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, resting heart rate, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
^* Quartile 1 was as the reference
^** Continuous variables: per 10 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂ and O₃; per 1 µg/m³ increase in SO₂; per 0.1 mg/m³ increase in CO

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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