Table 4 Associations between exposure to air pollution and flow-mediated dilation (%) after stratification by age and sex^{a, b}

PM_2.5, per 10 µg/m³

P for interaction

0.144

0.482

0.140

< 65 years

-0.10 (-0.18, -0.01)

0.028

-0.04 (-0.14, 0.07)

0.476

-0.28 (-0.47, -0.08)

0.006

≥ 65 years

-0.02 (-0.12, 0.07)

0.653

-0.01 (-0.15, 0.12)

0.855

0.03 (-0.21, 0.28)

0.800

P for interaction

0.186

0.294

0.101

Male

-0.09 (-0.16, -0.01)

0.021

-0.05 (-0.15, 0.04)

0.285

-0.27 (-0.45, -0.09)

0.004

Female

-0.03 (-0.17, 0.11)

0.651

-0.01 (-0.18, 0.15)

0.868

-0.03 (-0.32, 0.26)

0.858

PM₁₀, per 10 µg/m³

P for interaction

0.138

0.418

0.184

< 65 years

-0.08 (-0.14, -0.01)

0.018

-0.05 (-0.13, 0.03)

0.240

-0.32 (-0.54, -0.10)

0.004

≥ 65 years

-0.009 (-0.09, 0.07)

0.824

-0.007 (-0.11, 0.10)

0.894

-0.02 (-0.29, 0.24)

0.861

P for interaction

0.274

0.330

0.205

Male

-0.07 (-0.13, -0.01)

0.016

-0.06 (-0.14, 0.01)

0.111

-0.31 (-0.51, -0.11)

0.003

Female

-0.02 (-0.12, 0.08)

0.655

-0.003 (-0.13, 0.12)

0.965

-0.10 (-0.42, 0.22)

0.526

SO₂, per 1 µg/m³

P for interaction

0.115

0.190

0.148

< 65 years

-0.05 (-0.12, 0.02)

0.126

-0.04 (-0.13, 0.04)

0.290

-0.18 (-0.30, -0.06)

0.003

≥ 65 years

0.04 (-0.06, 0.15)

0.415

0.02 (-0.08, 0.13)

0.658

0.011 (-0.14, 0.16)

0.886

P for interaction

0.036

0.078

0.055

Male

-0.07 (-0.13, -0.005)

0.034

-0.06 (-0.13, 0.01)

0.099

-0.19 (-0.30, -0.08)

< 0.001

Female

0.07 (-0.05, 0.20)

0.252

0.08 (-0.07, 0.23)

0.275

-0.02 (-0.19, 0.16)

0.862

NO₂, per 10 µg/m³

P for interaction

0.194

0.157

0.161

< 65 years

-0.08 (-0.29, 0.14)

0.482

-0.003 (-0.26, 0.26)

0.984

-0.88 (-1.40, -0.36)

< 0.001

≥ 65 years

-0.01 (-0.25, 0.22)

0.909

0.06 (-0.25, 0.37)

0.703

-0.16 (-0.78, 0.47)

0.620

P for interaction

0.072

0.272

0.174

Male

-0.11 (-0.30, 0.08)

0.251

0.002 (-0.24, 0.24)

0.985

-0.84 (-1.31, -0.37)

< 0.001

Female

0.07 (-0.25, 0.39)

0.684

0.004 (-0.37, 0.38)

0.985

-0.33 (-1.10, 0.45)

0.412

CO, per 0.1 mg/m³

P for interaction

0.463

0.779

0.151

< 65 years

-0.03 (-0.09, 0.03)

0.267

0.02 (-0.05, 0.09)

0.521

-0.17 (-0.28, -0.05)

0.005

≥ 65 years

-0.02 (-0.08, 0.04)

0.549

-0.04 (-0.13, 0.05)

0.423

0.01 (-0.13, 0.16)

0.858

P for interaction

0.081

0.074

0.091

Male

-0.04 (-0.09, 0.006)

0.088

-0.02 (-0.08, 0.04)

0.537

-0.17 (-0.28, -0.06)

0.003

Female

0.02 (-0.09, 0.14)

0.680

0.05 (-0.06, 0.16)

0.355

-0.02 (-0.19, 0.15)

0.836

O₃, per 10 µg/m³

P for interaction

0.151

0.178

0.866

< 65 years

-0.09 (-0.18, 0.005)

0.063

-0.10 (-0.21, 0.008)

0.069

-0.75 (-1.77, 0.28)

0.153

≥ 65 years

-0.06 (-0.17, 0.05)

0.269

-0.04 (-0.17, 0.09))

0.555

-0.70 (-1.91, 0.50)

0.249

P for interaction

0.331

0.231

0.065

Male

-0.09 (-0.18, 0.001)

0.052

-0.08 (-0.18, 0.03)

0.144

-1.28 (-2.21, -0.35)

0.007

Female

-0.05 (-0.18, 0.08)

0.460

-0.08 (-0.23, 0.08))

0.326

0.21 (-1.25, 1.67)

0.776