Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Variable | Overall (n = 9882) | Non-hypertension (n = 5768) | Hypertension (n = 4114) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 49.30 (17.87) | 41.9 (15.88) | 59.66 (15.15) | < 0.01** | |||
< 65, n (%) | 7558 (76.48) | 5152 (89.32) | 2436 (58.78) | ||||
≥ 65,n (%) | 2324 (23.51) | 616 (10.68) | 1708 (41.52) | ||||
Gender, n (%) | 0.02* | ||||||
Female | 5120 (51.81) | 3048 (52.84) | 2072 (50.36) | ||||
Male | 4762 (48.19) | 2720 (47.16) | 2042 (49.64) | ||||
Race, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 4219 (42.69) | 2422 (41.99) | 1797 (43.68) | ||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 2048 (20.72) | 996 (17.27) | 1052 (25.57) | ||||
Mexican American | 1602 (16.21) | 1048 (18.17) | 554 (13.47) | ||||
Other Race | 2013 (20.37) | 1302 (22.57) | 711 (17.28) | ||||
Education level, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Below high school | 2588 (26.19) | 1340 (23.23) | 1248 (30.34) | ||||
High school | 5080 (51.41) | 1246 (21.60) | 968 (23.53) | ||||
Above high school | 2214 (22.40) | 3182 (55.17) | 1898 (46.14) | ||||
PIR, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
< 1 | 2138 (21.64) | 1239 (21.48) | 899 (21.85) | ||||
1 ~ 3 | 3564 (36.07) | 2355 (40.83) | 1825 (44.36) | ||||
> 3 | 4180 (42.30) | 2174 (37.69) | 1390 (33.79) | ||||
Serum cotinine, µg/L | 54.75 (124.29) | 55.31 (121.85) | 53.98 (127.64) | 0.38 | |||
≤ 1 µg/L, n (%) | 7040 (71.24) | 2926 (50.73) | 2338 (56.83) | ||||
> 1 µg/L, n (%) | 2842 (28.76) | 2842 (49.27) | 1776 (43.17) | ||||
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.09 | ||||||
< 12 drinks | 4218 (42.68) | 2420 (41.96) | 1798 (43.70) | ||||
≥ 12 drinks | 5664 (57.32) | 3348 (58.04) | 2316 (56.30) | ||||
Sleep disorders, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Yes | 2478 (25.08) | 1156 (20.04) | 1322 (32.13) | ||||
No | 7404 (74.92) | 4612 (79.96) | 2792 (67.87) | ||||
Depression, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Yes | 801 (8.11) | 394 (6.83) | 407 (9.89) | ||||
No | 9081 (91.89) | 5374 (93.17) | 3707 (90.11) | ||||
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Activity | 7356 (74.44) | 4573 (79.28) | 2783 (67.65) | ||||
Inactivity | 2526 (25.56) | 1195 (20.72) | 1331 (32.35) | ||||
Dietary sodium, mg | 1675.47 (670.24) | 1720.99 (685.13) | 1611.65 (643.47) | < 0.01** | |||
Dietary potassium, mg | 1303.27 (483.32) | 1322.09 (487.03) | 1276.88 (476.87) | < 0.01** | |||
BMI, Kg/m2 | 29.09 (6.71) | 27.94 (6.22) | 30.69 (7.04) | < 0.01** | |||
< 25 Kg/m2, n (%) | 2835 (28.69) | 2017 (34.97) | 818 (19.88) | ||||
25-29.9 Kg/m2, n (%) | 3721 (37.65) | 2011 (34.86) | 1981 (48.15) | ||||
≥ 30 Kg/m2, n (%) | 3326 (33.66) | 1740 (30.17) | 1315 (31.96) | ||||
eGFR, mL/min | 44.46 (48.79) | 46.85 (51.46) | 41.12 (44.56) | < 0.01** | |||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 123.85 (18.55) | 115.33 (10.98) | 135.69 (20.20) | < 0.01** | |||
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 69.82 (12.99) | 68.39 (10.71) | 71.82 (15.43) | < 0.01** | |||
Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.01** | ||||||
Yes | 1467 (14.85) | 383 (6.64) | 1084 (26.35) | ||||
No | 8415 (85.15) | 5385 (93.36) | 3030 (73.65) | ||||
NHANES cycles, n (%) | 0.02* | ||||||
2005–2006 | 1348 (13.64) | 834 (14.46) | 514 (12.49) | ||||
2007–2008 | 1744 (17.65) | 1016 (17.61) | 728 (17.70) | ||||
2009–2010 | 1869 (18.91) | 1101 (19.09) | 768 (18.67) | ||||
2011–2012 | 1552 (15.71) | 920 (15.95) | 632 (15.36) | ||||
2013–2014 | 1740 (17.61) | 983 (17.04) | 757 (18.40) | ||||
2015–2016 | 1629 (16.48) | 914 (15.85) | 715 (17.38) | ||||