Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and their association with oxidative stress among pregnant women in Los Angeles

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (N = 159)

Characteristics	N	%
Maternal age (years)
≤ 24	3	1.9
25–29	22	13.8
30–34	77	48.4
≥ 35	57	35.9
Parity
0	74	46.5
≥ 1	85	53.5
Maternal race/ethnicity
Asian or Pacific islander	45	28.3
Black	11	6.9
Hispanic	29	18.2
White, non-Hispanic	73	45.9
American Indian or Alaskan Native	1	0.6
Maternal education
Bachelor’s degree or less	72	46.5
Master’s degree	45	29.0
Doctoral degree or professional degree	38	24.5
Missing	4
Employment Status
Employed or student	139	89.7
Not employed	16	10.3
Missing	4
Pre-pregnancy BMI
Underweight	6	3.8
Normal	103	64.8
Overweight	32	20.1
Obese	18	11.3
Gestational Diabetes
Yes	20	12.6
No	139	87.4
Gestational Hypertension
Yes	15	9.4
No	144	90.6
Pre-eclampsia
Yes	16	10.1
No	143	89.9
Season of Conception
Spring	35	22.0
Summer	42	26.4
Fall	36	22.6
Winter	46	28.9

ISSN: 1476-069X