Table 1 Characteristics of the participants included in the analyses, subdivided per PM2.5 exposure quarter
From: Long-term ambient air pollution exposure and renal function and biomarkers of renal disease
| Â | All | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Excludeda |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5, mean (range) [µg/m3] | 6.2 (3.5–13.4) | 5.0 (3.5–5.4) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 6.7 (6.2–7.4) | 8.9 (7.4–13.4) | 6.2 (3.5–12.8) |
N | 24 729 | 6196 | 6241 | 6193 | 6099 | 5425 |
Age, mean (SD) | 57.5 (4.4) | 57.5 (4.4) | 57.5 (4.37) | 57.5 (4.3) | 57.7 (4.3) | 57.4 (4.3) |
Gender, % female | 51.2 | 50.5 | 50.4 | 50.8 | 53.2 | 52.4 |
Low-income proportion, mean area-level %b | 23.7 | 20.8 | 23.0 | 22.3 | 28.8 | 27.3 |
Education, % without secondary schooling | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 12.7 |
Civil status, % neither married nor cohabiting | 25.6 | 18.0 | 25.0 | 28.9 | 30.6 | 31.1 |
Foreign-born, % | 14.1 | 7.6 | 12.2 | 16.7 | 20.0 | 28.2 |
Smokers, % current | 11.8 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 13.5 | 15.8 | 21.2 |
Leisure-time physical activity, % sedentary | 11.5 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 11.5 | 13.5 | 15.5 |
Alcohol, % more than once per week | 38.2 | 32.6 | 38.4 | 41.5 | 40.3 | 31.9 |
Obesity, % BMI ≥ 30 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 20.0 | 19.6 | 22.0 | 25.2 |
Hypertension, % | 22.6 | 24.0 | 21.4 | 21.2 | 23.8 | 23.8 |
Diabetes, % (% of whom insulin-treated) | 4.2 (29.0) | 4.4 (33.7) | 3.8 (29.5) | 3.9 (27.4) | 4.5 (25.0) | 5.9 (25.0) |
Residential road traffic noise, mean day-evening- night level [dB] (SD) | 55.6 (7.93) | 49.5 (8.27) | 54.8 (7.18) | 58.3 (6.32) | 59.6 (5.49) | 56.1 (7.87) |
Greenness, mean NDVI within 500Â m (SD) | 0.47 (0.12) | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.45 (0.11) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.46 (0.12) |
eGFR, median (IQR) | 99.2 (18.7) | 98.4 (19.0) | 98.9 (18.8) | 100.9 (17.8) | 98.5 (19.2) | 99.3 (19.5) |