Your privacy, your choice

We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional cookies for advertising, personalisation of content, usage analysis, and social media.

By accepting optional cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal data - including transfers to third parties. Some third parties are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protection.

See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data.

for further information and to change your choices.
Skip to main content

Table 2 Associations of Z-scores for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and EC with Z-scores for corneal nerve bifurcation density, corneal nerve density, corneal nerve length, and corneal nerve fractal dimension

From: Greater exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with lower corneal nerve measures: the Maastricht study - a cross-sectional study

Determinant

Number of participants

Model

Z-score for corneal nerve bifurcation density

Z-score for corneal nerve density

Z-score for corneal nerve length

Z-score for corneal nerve fractal dimension

stβ (95% CI)

stβ (95% CI)

stβ (95% CI)

stβ (95% CI)

PM2.5

n = 3635

1

0.02 (-0.01; 0.05)

0.03 (-0.004; 0.06)

0.05 (0.01; 0.08)

-0.08 (-0.12; -0.05)

 

2

-0.10 (-0.15; -0.05)

-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)

-0.11 (-0.16; -0.06)

-0.20 (-0.24; -0.15)

 

3

-0.10 (-0.14; -0.05)

-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)

-0.11 (-0.16; -0.06)

-0.20 (-0.24; -0.15)

PM10

n = 3635

1

0.03 (-0.003; 0.06)

0.03 (-0.003; 0.06)

0.06 (0.03; 0.09)

-0.07 (-0.10; -0.03)

 

2

-0.08 (-0.13; -0.03)

-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)

-0.09 (-0.13; -0.04)

-0.17 (-0.21; -0.12)

 

3

-0.08 (-0.13; -0.03)

-0.04 (-0.09; 0.01)

-0.08 (-0.13; -0.04)

-0.17 (-0.21; -0.12)

NO2

n = 3444

1

-0.01 (-0.04; 0.02)

0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.01)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.02)

  

2

-0.01 (-0.04; 0.03)

0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.01)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.01)

  

3

-0.01 (-0.04; 0.03)

0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.01)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.02)

EC

n = 3635

1

0.03 (-0.01; 0.06)

0.03 (0.002; 0.07)

0.04 (0.003; 0.07)

0.01 (-0.02; 0.05)

  

2

-0.01 (-0.04; 0.03)

0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.02)

-0.002 (-0.04; 0.03)

  

3

-0.01 (-0.04; 0.03)

0.01 (-0.03; 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.05; 0.02)

-0.001 (-0.03; 0.03)

  1. Standardized regression coefficients (stβ) represent the differences in corneal nerve measures in SD per SD greater measure of air pollutants. For PM2.5, PM10, and EC, 1 SD corresponds to 39.9 number of branches/mm2 for corneal nerve bifurcation density, 24.3 number of main and branches/mm2 for corneal nerve density, 4.4 mm/mm2 for corneal nerve length, 0.1 (unit-less) for corneal nerve fractal dimension, 1.4 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 1.7 µg/m3 for PM10, 3.1 µg/m3 for NO2, and 0.1 µg/m3 for EC
  2. Bold denotes P < 0.05
  3. Variables entered into models: model 1: crude; model 2: adjusted for age, sex, level of education (low, intermediate, high), glucose metabolism status (prediabetes and type 2 diabetes versus normal glucose metabolism), corneal confocal microscopy lag time, and inclusion year of participants; model 3: model 2 + smoking status (never, former, current), and alcohol consumption status (none, low, high)
  4. Abbreviations: stβ standardized beta, CI Confidence interval, SD Standard deviation
Back to article page

Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X