Table 1 Summary of studies investigating the effect of alcohol consumption on thermoregulation, cardiovascular responses, hydration markers, and biomarkers in the heat. Data presented as means with standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. Alcohol dosages have been standardized to grams of alcohol per kilogram of body mass and blood alcohol content has been standardized to grams of alcohol per liter of blood, with original units given in parentheses. BAC blood alcohol content
Article and origin | Study population | Protocol | Dose, Control, Delivery, and Blood Alcohol Content |
|---|---|---|---|
Passive heat exposure (air) | |||
Yoda, 2005 [38] Japan | N = 8 (8 M, 0F) Age: 26 ± 11 years Population: healthy alcohol-tolerant men | 90 min exposure to 33 °C and 50%RH air | Dose: 0.36 g/kg of ethanol Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: Volume-matched distilled water BAC: Not measured |
Livingstone, 1980 [35] Canada | N = 8 (8 M, 0F) Age: 25 ± 5 years Population: Young healthy Caucasians | 90 min passive exposure in 30 °C and 40%RH air, pre-ingestion and 120 min post-ingestion | Dose: 50 cc of pure ethanol Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: 50 cc of orange juice BAC: Not measured |
Gibiński, 1979 [33] Poland | N = CON: 12 (12 M, 0F) ALC: 15 (15 M, 0 F) Age: 29—41 years (range) Population: Healthy adults | 120 min exposure to 43 °C air | Dose: 0.78 g/kg (150 ml of 45% ethanol) Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: Ad libitum water consumption BAC: Not measured |
Passive heat exposure (water) | |||
Allison, 1992 [31] US | N = 6 (6 M, 0F) Age: 31 ± 6 years Population: healthy adults | 40 °C water immersion for 21 min | Dose: 0.27 or 0.54 g/kg of 151 proof rum, in 350 ml of caffeine and sugar free cola Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: 350 ml of caffeine and sugar free cola BAC: 0.040 ± 1 0.011 g/dl; 0.077 ± 0.015 g/dl |
Mekjavic, 1987 [36] Canada | N = 6 (6 M, 0F) Age: Not reported Population: Young healthy men | 40 °C water immersion for 60 min | Dose: 0.79 g/kg (2.5 ml/kg of 40% ethanol) in a 1:2 ratio to orange juice Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: 7.5 ml/kg of orange juice BAC: 0.078 ± 0.01 g/dL (0.078 ± 0.01 g%) |
Exercise in hot environments | |||
Jiménez-Pavón, 2015 [34] Spain | N = 22 (22 M, 0F) Age: 21 ± 1 years Population: Physically active men | 60 min running at 60% VO2max in 35 °C and 60%RH | Dose: 0.32 g/kg (660 ml of 4.5% beer) post-exercise followed by ad libitum water consumption Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: Ad libitum water consumption BAC: not measured |
Desruelle, 1996 [32] France | N = 8 (6 M, 0F) Age: Not reported Population: Healthy adults | 60 min of exercise at 45% VO2max in 35 °C and 45% RH | Dose: 1.20 g/kg of ethanol in a 600 ml cocktail Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: volume-matched placebo cocktail BAC: 0.11 g/dL (SD not reported) |
Saini, 1995 [37] France | N = 8 (8 M, 0F) Age: 23 ± 3 years Population: Healthy men | 60 min cycling at 45%VO2max in 35 °C, 35% RH | Dose: 1.20 g/kg of ethanol (vodka) mixed with 345 ml of orange juice Delivery: Oral ingestion Control: 345 ml orange juice with water to match volume BAC: 0.108 g/dl (SD not reported) (23.5 mmol/l) |