Table 4 Cohort Details

Harris et al. (2015) [7]

1109

Massachusetts, USA

Project Viva Cohort

Pregnant people-child pairs enrolled during 1999-2002 at birthing individual’s initial prenatal visits (median, 9.9 weeks of gestation) at eight locations of Atrius Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, a multi-subspecialty group practice in urban and suburban eastern Massachusetts.

8 years

Porta et al. (2016) [9]

474

Rome, Italy

Gene and Environment Prospective Study on Infancy in Italy (GASPII)

Newborns enrolled at two large obstetric hospitals in Rome in 2003-2004. The eligible population included infants born to women ages 18 years or older and residents of one of the five local health districts in the city.

7 years

Wang et al. (2017) [10]

1085

California, USA

Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavioral (RFAB) twin study

Families were recruited from Los Angeles and surrounding counties, with the resulting sample representative of a socio-economically-diverse multi-ethnic population residing in the greater Los Angeles areas.

9-11 and 18-20 years

Seifi et al. (2021) [12]

369

Buscher providence, Iran

N/A

Children selected from schools in three low-privileged areas in Bushehr province, southern Iran between 2019-2020.

6-8 years

Ni et al. (2022) [11]

1311

California, New York, Minnesota, Washington, USA

Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)^a

Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE)

From 2006-2011 birthing individuals considered eligible if 16-40 years of age, had medically low-risk singleton pregnancies, and planned to deliver in a participating study hospital.

The Infant Development and Environment Study (TIDES) From 2010-2012 recruitment commenced in academic medical centers in four cities: San Francisco, California; Rochester, New York; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Seattle, Washington. Pregnant individuals in the first trimester were considered eligible if over 18 years of age, were English-speaking, and planned to deliver at a participating study hospital.

Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirths (GAPS) From 2017-2020 birthing parent-child dyads were recruited from Seattle and Yakima, Washington if they had consented to prenatal questionnaire data and biospecimen collection.

4-6 years

Sun et al. (2023) [8]

512

Shanghai, China

Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort

Pregnant people who underwent their first prenatal examination at 12-16 weeks of gestation in the Minhang Maternal and Child Health Hospital in 2012.

6 years