Table 3 Overview of cohort studies reporting exposure-effect functions for prenatal pyrethroid exposure and behavioral problems in offspring

Dalsager et al. (2019); Denmark

P25 = 0.14

P50 = 0.21

P75 = 0.46

P95 = 1.96

948 children aged 2 to 4 years

Doubling prenatal maternal 3-PBA associated with 3% (95% CI 0% – 7%) increase in ADHD scores and 13% (95% CI 1% – 25%) higher odds of ADHD score ≥ P90 which is a predictor of later ADHD diagnosis

Creatinine, maternal education, parity, maternal age, parental psychiatric diagnosis, smoking, child age at examination, sex, preterm birth, birth weight and duration breastfeeding

Lee et al. (2022); South-Korea

GM = 0.65

P05 = 0.07

P50 = 0.77

P95 = 4.14

524 children aged 6 and 8 years

Doubling prenatal maternal 3-PBA associated with 2.7% (95% CI 0.3% – 5.2%) increase of ADHD scores (ADHD rating scores IV, ARS) at age 6 years

Maternal age at pregnancy, maternal education, family income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, diabetes mellitus during pregnancy, child’s age, sex of child, BMI, birth order, delivery mode during pregnancy, premature delivery, low birth weight, breastfeeding, season of exposure and urine creatinine

An et al. (2022); South-Africa

GM = 1.113

P10 = 0.394

P50 = 1.048

P90 = 3.178

683 children aged 2 years

In utero log-unit increase in 3-PBA associated with increased risk of externalizing behavior (relative risk of 1.35 (95% CI 1.03–1.78) but not ADHD as defined in the article. Externalizing behavior included attention and aggressive behavior, for which attention problems are ADHD-related

Maternal education, age at delivery, risk for depression, HOME z-score, breastfeeding status at 1-year and food poverty status