Use of biomarkers of metals to improve prediction performance of cardiovascular disease mortality

Table 2 Individual metal associations with cardiovascular disease mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Metal^a	Hazard Ratio^b (95% CI)	P
Blood lead	1.40 (1.23, 1.59)	< 0.001
Blood mercury	0.80 (0.69, 0.92)	0.001
Blood cadmium	1.21 (1.06, 1.38)	0.004
Urinary total arsenic	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.512
Urinary dimethylarsinic acid	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.957
Urinary arsenobetaine	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.604
Urinary cesium	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	0.384
Urinary molybdenum	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.722
Urinary thallium	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.604
Urinary cobalt	1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.137
Urinary barium	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.768
Urinary lead	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.824
Urinary cadmium	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	0.563
Urinary mercury	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.851
Urinary uranium	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.889
Urinary tungsten	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.831
Urinary antimony	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.693

^a All metal concentrations were natural-log transformed and standardized, thus hazard ratios correspond to one standard deviation increase in the log scale of the metal concentrations
^b Hazard ratios were generated from separate Cox models for each chemical, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, hypertension status, and diabetes status. Urinary models were additionally adjusted for creatinine

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