Fig. 2

Association of co-exposure to PFAS mixtures with vitamin D concentrations in both the total population and sex subgroups, as evaluated by WQS (A) and qgcomp (B) modeling. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, education, BMI, PIR, serum cotinine, vitamin D supplement use, milk product consumption, activity and six-month examination period. β: beta coefficient