Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants: individuals aged 60 years and older, NHANES 2003–2018
Characteristics | Total (n = 3853) | Serum Vitamin D (nmol/L) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | P value | ||
Total participants | 3853 | 70.4 (28.8) | NA |
Age, mean (SD) | 70.4 (7.3) | NA | NA |
Sex, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 1919 (49.8) | 68.5 (25.6) |  |
 Female | 1934 (50.2) | 72.3 (31.5) |  |
Race, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Mexican American | 528 (13.7) | 59.2 (24.6) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 309 (8.0) | 69.7 (26.9) |  |
 Non-Hispanic white | 2000 (51.9) | 76.9 (27.5) |  |
 Non-Hispanic black | 738 (19.2) | 59.9 (29.5) |  |
 Other race | 278 (7.2) | 73.7 (30.3) |  |
Marital status, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Unmarried or separated | 1700 (44.1) | 68.9 (30.3) |  |
 Married | 2153 (55.9) | 71.6 (27.4) |  |
Education, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 High school and below | 2170 (56.3) | 67.2 (27.4) |  |
 Above high school | 1683 (43.7) | 74.6 (29.9) |  |
PIR, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 1 | 1142 (29.6) | 64.4 (26.7) |  |
 1–3 | 1608 (41.7) | 71.2 (29.7) |  |
 > 3 | 1103 (28.6) | 75.6 (28.3) |  |
BMI (kg/m3), mean (SD) | 28.9 (6.2) | NA | NA |
Cotinine (ng/ml), mean (SD) | 41.1 (113.7) | NA | NA |
Vitamin D supplement use, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1554 (40.3) | 87.0 (28.5) |  |
 No | 2299 (59.7) | 59.2 (22.9) |  |
Milk product consumption, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 650 (16.9) | 67.5 (34.2) |  |
 Rarely | 522 (13.5) | 67.9 (30.3) |  |
 Sometimes | 983 (25.5) | 69.8 (29.2) |  |
 Often | 1698 (44.1) | 72.7 (25.4) |  |
Physical activity level, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Vigorous or moderate | 1455 (37.8) | 72.1 (27.7) |  |
 Low or none | 2398 (62.2) | 69.4 (29.4) |  |
Six-month examination period, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Nov-Apr | 1774 (46.0) | 67.2 (29.0) |  |
 May-Oct | 2079 (54.0) | 73.1 (28.3) |  |