Table 3 The association of quartiles of environmental risk score (ERS) with vitamin D concentrations: adjusted difference in total 25(OH)D per unit increase in ERS

Adaptive Elastic Net

 Total

Ref

-0.037 (-0.069, -0.003)

-0.066 (-0.099, -0.032)

-0.083 (-0.117, -0.048)

< 0.001

 Male

Ref

0.006 (-0.038, 0.050)

-0.046 (-0.090, -0.002)

-0.032 (-0.077, 0.013)

0.061

 Female

Ref

-0.063 (-0.113, -0.014)

-0.117 (-0.166, -0.067)

-0.168 (-0.218, -0.117)

< 0.001

Ridge Regression

 Total

Ref

-0.025 (-0.059, 0.008)

-0.072 (-0.105, -0.038)

-0.077 (-0.111, -0.042)

< 0.001

 Male

Ref

-0.004 (-0.047, 0.040)

-0.037 (-0.081, 0.007)

-0.038 (-0.083, 0.007)

0.173

 Female

Ref

-0.085 (-0.134, -0.036)

-0.123 (-0.172, -0.073)

-0.177 (-0.227, -0.126)

< 0.001