Table 4 Associations of PFAS with vitamin D deficiency: survey-weighted logistic regression analysis for continuous variables and mixture of WQS and qgcomp analysis

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

OR (95%CI)

PFOA

 Total

1.06 (0.92,1.22)

ref

0.96 (0.67,1.36)

1.29 (0.92,1.82)

1.24 (0.89,1.72)

0.209

 Male

0.97 (0.79,1.18)

ref

0.69 (0.43,1.11)

0.62 (0.39,0.98)

1.10 (0.70,1.71)

0.033

 Female

1.15 (0.95,1.40)

ref

1.11 (0.68,1.82)

2.01 (1.25,3.23)

1.37 (0.87,2.16)

0.018

PFOS

 Total

1.12 (0.98,1.28)

ref

1.23 (0.86,1.77)

1.19 (0.83,1.70)

1.49 (1.05,2.11)

0.151

 Male

0.95 (0.78,1.16)

ref

0.58 (0.36,0.92)

0.65 (0.40,1.05)

0.96 (0.59,1.55)

0.034

 Female

1.30 (1.09,1.55)

ref

2.09 (1.25,3.49)

2.33 (1.44,3.76)

2.33 (1.44,3.75)

0.002

PFHxS

 Total

1.02 (0.89,1.16)

ref

0.84 (0.62,1.16)

1.24 (0.90,1.72)

0.90 (0.65,1.23)

0.120

 Male

1.05 (0.87,1.27)

ref

0.81 (0.52,1.26)

1.38 (0.87,2.19)

0.96 (0.61,1.52)

0.160

 Female

1.01 (0.85,1.21)

ref

1.13 (0.74,1.74)

1.37 (0.85,2.20)

1.03 (0.66,1.62)

0.578

PFNA

 Total

1.09 (0.95,1.27)

ref

1.18 (0.84,1.64)

1.32 (0.94,1.83)

1.26 (0.91,1.75)

0.397

 Male

0.91 (0.72,1.15)

ref

0.81 (0.50,1.31)

0.99 (0.63,1.55)

0.86 (0.54,1.37)

0.767

 Female

1.27 (1.06,1.54)

ref

1.57 (0.99,2.51)

1.51 (0.95,2.41)

1.89 (1.20,2.98)

0.049

PFDeA

 Total

1.08 (0.92,1.25)

ref

1.20 (0.85,1.70)

1.05 (0.74,1.50)

1.33 (0.93,1.91)

0.331

 Male

0.90 (0.71,1.15)

ref

0.30 (0.10,0.88)

0.72 (0.50,1.03)

0.94 (0.59,1.49)

0.061

 Female

1.25 (1.02,1.53)

ref

1.65 (1.03,2.66)

1.74 (1.08,2.81)

2.01 (1.22,3.33)

0.043

MeFOSAA

 Total

1.12 (0.99,1.26)

ref

1.00 (0.72,1.38)

1.59 (1.09,2.33)

1.27 (0.91,1.77)

0.037

 Male

0.98 (0.83,1.16)

ref

0.73 (0.46,1.15)

1.00 (0.61,1.64)

0.92 (0.57,1.48)

0.450

 Female

1.24 (1.06,1.45)

ref

1.22 (0.74,2.02)

1.97 (1.25,3.11)

1.62 (1.03,2.55)

0.021

Mixture of WQS

 Total

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

-

-

-

-

0.571

 Male

0.86 (0.71, 1.04)

-

-

-

-

0.129

 Female

1.36 (1.12, 1.64)

-

-

-

-

0.002

Mixture of qgcomp

 Total

1.07 (0.95, 1.20)

-

-

-

-

0.265

 Male

1.07 (0.90, 1.25)

-

-

-

-

0.713

 Female

1.23 (1.07, 1.40)

-

-

-

-

0.005