Table 2 Association of 5mdC (%), total urinary arsenic and blood lead and cadmium levels with developmental delay in preschool children

5mdC (%)

3.68 (3.19, 4.24) ^#,***

5.03 (3.91, 5.70) ^#,***

£ 4.28

131 (75.29

30 (34.09)

1.00 ^§,***

1.00 ^§,***

>4.28 – 5.45

21 (12.07)

28 (31.82)

0.13 (0.06 – 0.28) ^***

0.09 (0.04–0.25) ^***

> 5.45

22 (12.64)

30 (34.09)

0.15 (0.07 – 0.31) ^***

0.14 (0.06–0.32) ^***

Total urinary arsenic(μg/L)

15.98 (8.00, 28.05) ^#,+

12.55 (5.38, 23.41)^#,+

≤ 7.06

36 (20.69)

30 (34.09)

1.00^§,a,+

1.00 ^§,c,*

>7.06 – 18.46

65 (37.36)

29 (32.95)

1.71 (0.84 – 3.46)

1.79 (0.78 – 4.09)

> 18.46

73 (41.95)

29 (32.95)

2.21 (0.94 – 3.17)+

2.44 (0.89 – 6.70)+

Blood lead(μg/dL)

5.89 (3.59, 8.46) ^#,***

3.00 (2.37, 4.34) ^#,***

≤ 2.68

21 (12.64)

31 (35.23)

1.00^§,***

1.00 ^§,***

>2.68 – 3.91

30 (17.24)

28 (31.82)

1.69 (0.76 – 3.75)

1.13 (0.44 – 2.89)

>3.91

122 (70.11)

29 (32.95)

6.35 (3.08 – 13.09)^***

4.46 (1.92 – 10.39)^***

Blood cadmium(μg/L)

0.90 (0.70, 1.35) ^#

0.85 (0.60, 1.35) ^#

≤ 0.70

45 (25.86)

30 (34.10)

1.00^§,+

1.00

>0.70 – 1.15

68 (39.08)

29 (32.95)

1.67 (0.85 – 3.26)

1.75 (0.80 – 3.86)

>1.15

61 (35.06)

29 (32.95)

1.92 (0.96 – 3.85)⁺

1.38 (0.61 – 3.14)