Fig. 4

Age, period, and cohort effects on ischemic heart disease mortality due to lead exposure globally and across SDI regions. Longitudinal Age Curve: Fitted longitudinal age-specific rates in reference cohort c0 adjusted for period deviations. Period RR: Ratio of age-specific rates in period p relative to reference period p0. Cohort RR: Ratio of age-specific rates in cohort c relative to reference cohort c0. Local Drifts with Net Drift: Estimated annual percentage change over time specific to age group a