Table 2 Changes in the Global Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease Associated with Lead Exposure from 1990 to 2021

Global

277,682 (−40,556,595,671)

6,484,404 (−947,862,14,078,198)

590,370 (−83,778,1,233,628)

11,854,611 (−1,668,553,24,791,275)

7.91 (−1.15,16.94)

166.11 (−24.29,359.91)

7.11 (−1.01,14.88)

−0.32

(−0.92 to 0.29)

138.57 (−19.52,289.73)

−0.59(−1.27 to 0.1)

High SDI

60,042 (−8491,131,073)

1,260,683 (−177,012,2,741,404)

49,289 (−6958,107,582)

2,027,585 (−275,337,4,329,966)

5.46 (−0.77,11.94)

132.97 (−18.71,289.85)

2.02 (−0.28,4.39)

−3.51

(−4.25 to −2.76)

103.45 (−14.06,220.96)

−3.63(−4.52 to −2.73)

High-middle SDI

21,905 (−3346,45,754)

1,123,444 (−158,081,2,423,687)

48,882 (−7144,102,007)

787,213 (−111,112,1,688,158)

11.55 (−1.79,23.92)

102.41 (−14.39,221.26)

12.23 (−1.8,25.3)

−0.45

(−1.05 to 0.16)

36.18 (−5.1,77.11)

−0.96(−1.69 to −0.23)

Middle SDI

69,709 (−9956,149,892)

1,785,423 (−270,992,3,878,566)

204,073 (−28,950,424,988)

3,874,158 (−552,190,8,296,862)

8.42 (−1.21,17.89)

285.91 (−43.55,614.67)

8.8 (−1.25,18.38)

0.28

(−0.31 to 0.87)

275.71 (−39.54,589.56)

−0.25(−0.91 to 0.42)

Low-middle SDI

58,196 (−8194,126,158)

570,733 (−85,915,1,206,635)

118,372 (−16,282,251,977)

1,143,287 (−165,427,2,416,512)

6.87 (−0.97,14.86)

253.44 (−38.6,532.62)

6.15 (−0.85,13.1)

0.38

(−0.1 to 0.87)

239.69 (−35.02,502.18)

0.01(−0.54 to 0.57)

Low SDI

67,431 (−10,272,143,821)

1,735,489 (−247,537,3,755,519)

169,233 (−24,369,361,479)

4,012,492 (−563,062,8,398,080)

12.64 (−1.93,26.76)

172.53 (−24.69,372.09)

13.54 (−1.96,28.81)

0.33

(−0.12 to 0.77)

157.02 (−22.14,328.22)

−0.14(−0.63 to 0.35)

East Asia

12,590 (−1923,27,066)

955,504 (−132,517,2,058,802)

33,548 (−4808,71,767)

2,653,373 (−369,089,5,784,456)

5.56 (−0.86,11.87)

119.42 (−16.93,255.28)

5.9 (−0.85,12.55)

0.18

(−0.38 to 0.74)

131.24 (−18.33,286.28)

0.62

(−0.04 to 1.29)

Southeast Asia

39,209 (−5555,84,029)

341,089 (−51,041,737,769)

154,245 (−21,706,332,277)

779,602 (−110,930,1,686,169)

6.22 (−0.9,13.52)

127.89 (−19.41,276.33)

8.36 (−1.18,17.97)

1.36

(0.71 to 2.01)

120.62 (−17.25,259.56)

−0.23

(−0.87 to 0.41)

Oceania

114 (−16,254)

3078 (−429,6809)

280 (−37,618)

7062 (−922,15,821)

5.16 (−0.73,11.34)

107.75 (−15.44,239.73)

4.95 (−0.67,10.92)

−0.12

(−0.73 to 0.5)

98.86 (−13.12,218.9)

−0.23

(−0.95 to 0.49)

Central Asia

4513 (−624,9788)

94,132 (−13,029,203,624)

6712 (−945,14,490)

129,489 (−18,083,278,052)

11.02 (−1.52,23.98)

210.33 (−29.11,455.51)

10.51 (−1.49,22.8)

−0.51

(−1.16 to 0.14)

179.01 (−25.16,385.57)

−0.96

(−1.71 to −0.21)

Central Europe

13,042 (−1819,27,760)

275,311 (−38,499,586,645)

13,137 (−1868,28,690)

212,875 (−30,224,459,749)

9.63 (−1.34,20.62)

190.21 (−26.57,404.72)

5.49 (−0.78,11.99)

−2.11

(−2.86 to −1.35)

92.98 (−13.17,200.62)

−2.62

(−3.55 to −1.68)

Eastern Europe

17,161 (−2306,37,247)

352,876 (−47,231,760,937)

23,972 (−3050,52,147)

425,216 (−53,264,938,292)

6.97 (−0.94,15.18)

132.82 (−17.78,286.75)

6.66 (−0.85,14.5)

−0.65

(−1.35 to 0.06)

120.1 (−15.03,265.2)

−0.9

(−1.81 to 0.01)

High-income Asia Pacific

3872 (−537,8464)

73,846 (−10,155,160,384)

5140 (−726,11,489)

72,226 (−10,190,159,243)

2.18 (−0.3,4.78)

38.4 (−5.29,83.71)

0.81 (−0.11,1.79)

−3.26

(−3.88 to −2.64)

13.88 (−1.95,30.6)

−3.48

(−4.3 to −2.65)

Western Europe

2309 (−325,5046)

565,101 (−79,351,1,207,274)

1636 (−234,3537)

304,534 (−42,616,669,077)

10.15 (−1.43,22.15)

98.17 (−13.75,210.05)

2.6 (−0.37,5.64)

−4.67

(−5.32 to −4.01)

29.37 (−4.08,64.63)

−4.18

(−5.11 to −3.24)

Australasia

30,816 (−4344,66,304)

43,637 (−6123,95,018)

21,234 (−2973,46,930)

23,769 (−3388,51,396)

5.2 (−0.73,11.2)

187.73 (−26.31,408.89)

1.79 (−0.25,3.94)

−3.73

(−4.48 to −2.96)

41.29 (−5.85,89.29)

−5.16

(−5.99 to −4.33)

Southern Latin America

1834 (−248,4098)

38,949 (−5279,86,268)

1743 (−244,3879)

31,898 (−4454,70,213)

4.27 (−0.58,9.55)

85.84 (−11.63,190.41)

1.92 (−0.27,4.27)

−2.27

(−3.05 to −1.49)

36.24 (−5.05,79.82)

−2.54

(−3.53 to −1.54)

High-income North America

23,760 (−3412,51,694)

425,210 (−60,568,919,725)

17,022 (−2390,37,150)

273,647 (−38,082,589,745)

6.53 (−0.94,14.2)

120.9 (−17.16,261.61)

2.35 (−0.33,5.12)

−3.66

(−4.41 to −2.91)

40.19 (−5.57,86.36)

−3.87

(−4.74 to −3)

Caribbean

3487 (−519,7506)

74,607 (−11,140,160,140)

5397 (−769,11,485)

106,837 (−15,057,232,685)

14.62 (−2.17,31.49)

293.34 (−43.78,629.73)

9.88 (−1.41,21.02)

−1.26

(−1.7 to −0.82)

197.46 (−27.83,430.53)

−1.26

(−1.77 to −0.75)

Andean Latin America

877 (−119,1973)

18,954 (−2499,42,348)

1940 (−263,4306)

36,479 (−4908,81,566)

4.83 (−0.65,10.81)

94.79 (−12.62,212.47)

3.46 (−0.47,7.67)

−1.3

(−1.72 to −0.88)

62.94 (−8.5,140.41)

−1.55

(−2.09 to −1)

Central Latin America

7424 (−1049,15,602)

160,322 (−22,449,337,278)

20,489 (−2980,44,941)

369,802 (−53,225,804,469)

10.64 (−1.51,22.48)

202.14 (−28.51,423.79)

8.71 (−1.27,19.11)

−0.8

(−1.24 to −0.36)

151.51 (−21.87,329.58)

−1.15

(−1.72 to −0.58)

North Africa and Middle East

6800 (−949,14,597)

858,565 (−127,181,1,840,440)

9899 (−1448,21,307)

1,434,262 (−202,240,3,105,385)

8.6 (−1.21,18.51)

515.95 (−76.83,1109.53)

3.97 (−0.58,8.54)

−2.31

(−2.85 to −1.76)

335.84 (−47.91,725.26)

−1.45

(−1.79 to −1.12)

Tropical Latin America

34,785 (−5185,74,837)

165,881 (−23,010,355,596)

66,488 (−9522,143,314)

209,468 (−30,529,449,535)

24.69 (−3.69,53.31)

182.35 (−25.44,390.62)

18.16 (−2.63,39.14)

−1.03

(−1.3 to −0.77)

81.53 (−11.9,175.13)

−2.49

(−3.14 to −1.83)

South Asia

64,718 (−9936,138,448)

1,783,337 (−271,123,3,853,628)

184,304 (−26,477,388,248)

4,254,075 (−605,200,9,047,993)

12.64 (−1.95,26.67)

296.1 (−45.34,633.39)

14.3 (−2.06,29.94)

0.6

(0.23 to 0.97)

293.64 (−42,622.01)

0.11

(−0.31 to 0.52)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

1362 (−191,2868)

35,614 (−4986,74,965)

3186 (−469,6816)

77,869 (−11,612,165,337)

7.71 (−1.1,16.21)

163.64 (−22.97,342.78)

7.98 (−1.16,17.16)

0.03

(−0.51 to 0.58)

156.05 (−22.92,334.88)

−0.26

(−0.91 to 0.39)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

3502 (−520,7336)

88,865 (−12,939,189,686)

7087 (−956,15,096)

165,385 (−22,321,351,561)

5.75 (−0.87,11.91)

122.88 (−18.21,258.82)

5.55 (−0.75,11.71)

−0.25

(−0.98 to 0.5)

106.96 (−14.53,227.42)

−0.6(−1.42 to 0.23)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

892 (−121,1958)

22,446 (−3069,49,405)

2071 (−289,4497)

47,598 (−6645,102,435)

3.73 (−0.51,8.19)

81.87 (−11.19,179.54)

4.36 (−0.61,9.47)

0.69

(−0.29 to 1.68)

86.09 (−12.05,185.94)

0.41(−0.69 to 1.53)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

4615 (−666,9876)

107,080 (−15,420,229,559)

10,842 (−1545,23,308)

239,145 (−33,805,523,083)

6.39 (−0.92,13.57)

127.96 (−18.48,273)

7.35 (−1.05,15.71)

0.45

(0.14 to 0.76)

135.55 (−19.37,292.71)

0.18(−0.2 to 0.55)