Table 1 Demographic characteristics and serum determinations
From: PM2.5 constituent exposures and maternal circulatory homocysteine in early pregnancy
Parameter | EPL (n = 162) | NEP (n = 162) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) (mean ± SD) | 32.2 ± 4.5 | 31.9 ± 4.5 | 0.226 |
Gestational age (days after ovulation) (mean ± SD) | 48.6 ± 10.5 | 35.1 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (mean ± SD) | 22.5 ± 3.0 | 22.2 ± 3.2 | 0.487 |
Gravidity (times) [n (%)] | 0.537 | ||
 ≤ 2 | 71 (43.8) | 62 (38.3) | |
 3–4 | 73 (45.1) | 87 (53.7) | |
 ≥ 5 | 18 (11.1) | 13 (8.0) | |
Parity (times) [n (%)] | < 0.001 | ||
 0 | 55 (34.0) | 29 (17.9) | |
 1 | 88 (54.3) | 92 (56.8) | |
 ≥ 2 | 19 (11.7) | 41 (25.3) | |
Maternal education [n (%)] | 0.168 | ||
 High school or lower | 43 (26.5) | 48 (29.6) | |
 College | 104 (64.2) | 107 (66.0) | |
 Higher than college | 15 (9.3) | 7 (4.3) | |
Family monthly income per capita (Â¥) [n (%)] | 0.237 | ||
 < 5000 | 30 (18.5) | 39 (24.1) | |
 5000–7500 | 59 (36.4) | 58 (35.8) | |
 > 7500 | 73 (45.1) | 65 (40.1) | |
Interior renovation either at home or work [n (%)] | < 0.001 | ||
 ≥ 1 year ago | 147 (90.7) | 121 (74.7) | |
 < 1 year ago | 15 (9.3) | 41 (25.3) | |
Occupational exposure [n (%)] | 0.523 | ||
 No | 149 (92.0) | 153 (94.4) | |
 Yes | 13 (8.0) | 9 (5.6) | |
Alcohol consumption [n (%)] | 0.066 | ||
 No | 141 (87.0) | 127 (78.4) | |
 Yes | 21 (13.0) | 35 (21.6) | |
Active smoking [n (%)] | < 0.001 | ||
 No | 148 (91.4) | 119 (73.5) | |
 Yes | 14 (8.6) | 43 (26.5) | |
Passive smoking [n (%)] | 0.073 | ||
 No | 78 (48.1) | 94 (58.0) | |
 Yes | 84 (51.9) | 68 (42.0) | |
Serum Hcy (ng/mL) (Median [IQR]) | 455.7 (253.8) | 416.2 (197.6) | 0.002 |
Serum 5-MeTHF (ng/mL) (Median [IQR]) | 62.3 (18.1) | 54.0 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
LnHcy (mean ± SD) | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Ln5-MeTHF (mean ± SD) | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |