From: Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease
All | CaCO3 category (using USGS) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 60 mg/L | > 60, ≤ 120 mg/L | > 120, ≤ 180 mg/L | > 180 mg/L | P | P for trend | ||
n | 447,950 | 175,857 | 96,172 | 28,712 | 147,209 | ||
Age, year | 56.47 (8.08) | 56.63 (8.05) | 56.80 (7.98) | 56.22 (7.92) | 56.10 (8.20) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Male gender (%) | 201,913 (45.07%) | 79,599 (45.26%) | 44,366 (46.13%) | 12,838 (44.71%) | 65,110 (44.23%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
White (%) | 422,661 (94.35%) | 169,864 (96.59%) | 92,648 (96.34%) | 27,569 (96.02%) | 132,580 (90.06%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
University or college degree (%) | 143,232 (31.97%) | 52465 (29.83% | 25,103 (26.10%) | 9684 (33.73%) | 55,980 (38.03%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Townsend deprivation index | -1.26 (3.10) | -1.29 (3.14) | -1.63 (2.82) | -1.82 (2.80) | -0.88 (3.23) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.70 (1.11) | 5.71 (1.11) | 5.71 (1.11) | 5.69 (1.09) | 5.70 (1.09) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.42 (4.78) | 27.55 (4.80) | 27.67 (4.76) | 27.54 (4.77) | 27.06 (4.75) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Current smoking (%) | 47,719 (10.65%) | 19,686 (11.19%) | 9663 (10.05%) | 3057 (10.65%) | 15,313 (10.40%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity at goal (%) | 194,515 (43.42%) | 74,756 (42.51%) | 41,417 (43.07%) | 12,101 (42.15%) | 66,241 (45.00%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Ideal HbA1c (%) | 336,377 (75.09%) | 130,980 (74.48%) | 72,539 (75.43%) | 22,186 (77.27%) | 110,672 (75.18%) | < 0.001 | 0.034 |
Ideal blood pressure (%) | 55,166 (12.32%) | 20,604 (11.72%) | 10,657 (11.08%) | 3499 (12.19%) | 20,406 (13.86%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Healthy diet (%) | 238,783 (53.31%) | 93,497 (53.17%) | 51,420 (53.47%) | 15,816 (55.08%) | 78,050 (53.02%) | < 0.001 | 0.014 |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 30,726 (6.86%) | 12,531 (7.13%) | 7059 (7.34%) | 1620 (5.64%) | 9516 (6.46%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Coronary heart disease (%) | 33,222 (7.42%) | 13,713 (7.80%) | 7504 (7.80%) | 1743 (6.07%) | 10,262 (6.97%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Heart failure (%) | 11,648 (2.60%) | 4727 (2.69%) | 2671 (2.78%) | 587 (2.04%) | 3663 (2.49%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Stroke (%) | 10,625 (2.37%) | 4511 (2.57%) | 2375 (2.47%) | 614 (2.14%) | 3125 (2.12%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |