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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of UK biobank participants

From: Domestic water hardness, genetic risk, and distinct phenotypes of cardiovascular disease

 

All

CaCO3 category (using USGS)

≤ 60 mg/L

> 60, ≤ 120 mg/L

> 120, ≤ 180 mg/L

> 180 mg/L

P

P for trend

n

447,950

175,857

96,172

28,712

147,209

  

Age, year

56.47 (8.08)

56.63 (8.05)

56.80 (7.98)

56.22 (7.92)

56.10 (8.20)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Male gender (%)

201,913 (45.07%)

79,599 (45.26%)

44,366 (46.13%)

12,838 (44.71%)

65,110 (44.23%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

White (%)

422,661 (94.35%)

169,864 (96.59%)

92,648 (96.34%)

27,569 (96.02%)

132,580 (90.06%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

University or college degree (%)

143,232 (31.97%)

52465 (29.83%

25,103 (26.10%)

9684 (33.73%)

55,980 (38.03%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Townsend deprivation index

-1.26 (3.10)

-1.29 (3.14)

-1.63 (2.82)

-1.82 (2.80)

-0.88 (3.23)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Cholesterol, mmol/L

5.70 (1.11)

5.71 (1.11)

5.71 (1.11)

5.69 (1.09)

5.70 (1.09)

0.004

0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

27.42 (4.78)

27.55 (4.80)

27.67 (4.76)

27.54 (4.77)

27.06 (4.75)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Current smoking (%)

47,719 (10.65%)

19,686 (11.19%)

9663 (10.05%)

3057 (10.65%)

15,313 (10.40%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Physical activity at goal (%)

194,515 (43.42%)

74,756 (42.51%)

41,417 (43.07%)

12,101 (42.15%)

66,241 (45.00%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Ideal HbA1c (%)

336,377 (75.09%)

130,980 (74.48%)

72,539 (75.43%)

22,186 (77.27%)

110,672 (75.18%)

< 0.001

0.034

Ideal blood pressure (%)

55,166 (12.32%)

20,604 (11.72%)

10,657 (11.08%)

3499 (12.19%)

20,406 (13.86%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Healthy diet (%)

238,783 (53.31%)

93,497 (53.17%)

51,420 (53.47%)

15,816 (55.08%)

78,050 (53.02%)

< 0.001

0.014

Atrial fibrillation (%)

30,726 (6.86%)

12,531 (7.13%)

7059 (7.34%)

1620 (5.64%)

9516 (6.46%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Coronary heart disease (%)

33,222 (7.42%)

13,713 (7.80%)

7504 (7.80%)

1743 (6.07%)

10,262 (6.97%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Heart failure (%)

11,648 (2.60%)

4727 (2.69%)

2671 (2.78%)

587 (2.04%)

3663 (2.49%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Stroke (%)

10,625 (2.37%)

4511 (2.57%)

2375 (2.47%)

614 (2.14%)

3125 (2.12%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Participants’ characteristics at baseline were summarized as the mean (SD) or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and numbers (percentages) for categorical variables in terms of CaCO3 levels of domestic water. Characteristics were compared by CaCO3 concentrations of domestic water using analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables as appropriate and using the Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables. HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c