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Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer according to plasma PFAS concentrations by menopausal status and ethnicity

From: Plasma perfluoroalkyl substances and breast cancer risk in Brazilian women: a case–control study

PFASa

Range

 

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

      

[ng/mL]

 

Menopausal status

 

Ethnicity

  
  

Premenopausalb

(181 cases, 164 controls)

 

Postmenopausalc

(266 cases, 279 controls)

 

Caucasiand

(249 cases, 246 controls)

 

Mixede

(78 cases, 76 controls)

 

Japanese Braziliane

(79 cases, 80 controls)

Total PFHxS

           
 

< 80%ile

< 0.83

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

≥ 80%ile

0.83–5.74

 

0.80 (0.34, 1.87)

 

0.66 (0.39, 1.11)

 

0.84 (0.47, 1.51)

 

0.53 (0.15, 1.88)

 

0.65 (0.17, 2.46)

 

P

  

0.60

 

0.12

 

0.56

 

0.32

 

0.52

Total PFOS

           
 

Tertile 1

< 7.34

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

7.34–11.08

 

1.23 (0.65, 2.35)

 

0.75 (0.45, 1.26)

 

0.76 (0.46, 1.25)

 

1.48 (0.45, 4.86)

 

0.66 (0.17, 2.65)

 

Tertile 3

11.11–90.57

 

1.12 (0.47, 2.63)

 

0.69 (0.39, 1.19)

 

0.87 (0.48, 1.57)

 

0.65 (0.18, 2.34)

 

0.65 (0.12, 3.44)

 

P for trend

  

0.78

 

0.21

 

0.67

 

0.48

 

0.71

Total PFOA

           
 

Tertile 1

< 1.34

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

1.34–1.91

 

0.79 (0.42, 1.51)

 

0.85 (0.51, 1.40)

 

0.68 (0.40, 1.16)

 

1.33 (0.46, 3.81)

 

1.82 (0.57, 5.84)

 

Tertile 3

1.92–73.04

 

0.85 (0.40, 1.81)

 

0.88 (0.52, 1.49)

 

0.96 (0.54, 1.71)

 

5.05 (1.31, 19.49)

 

0.93 (0.26, 3.31)

 

P for trend

  

0.67

 

0.75

 

0.84

 

0.015

 

0.72

n-PFHpS

           
 

< Median

< 0.08

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.08–0.18

 

1.38 (0.74, 2.60)

 

1.01 (0.63, 1.63)

 

0.90 (0.55, 1.46)

 

2.55 (0.85, 7.66)

 

0.83 (0.21, 3.28)

 

Quartile 4

0.19–1.65

 

2.42 (1.07, 5.47)

 

1.51 (0.92, 2.49)

 

1.74 (0.97, 3.14)

 

2.60 (0.77, 8.79)

 

1.14 (0.38, 3.45)

 

P for trend

  

0.031

 

0.12

 

0.12

 

0.079

 

0.82

n-PFOS

           
 

Tertile 1

< 4.13

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

4.13–6.48

 

0.75 (0.40, 1.40)

 

0.89 (0.54, 1.47)

 

0.84 (0.51, 1.39)

 

1.32 (0.40, 4.37)

 

0.29 (0.07, 1.25)

 

Tertile 3

6.50–60.75

 

0.89 (0.41, 1.97)

 

0.75 (0.43, 1.31)

 

0.95 (0.53, 1.69)

 

0.67 (0.19, 2.40)

 

0.26 (0.05, 1.47)

 

P for trend

  

0.76

 

0.30

 

0.88

 

0.47

 

0.24

3 m-PFOS

           
 

< Median

< 0.39

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.39–0.55

 

2.03 (1.03, 4.03)

 

1.24 (0.75, 2.04)

 

1.51 (0.91, 2.52)

 

3.74 (1.02, 13.66)

 

0.73 (0.21, 2.54)

 

Quartile 4

0.56–11.77

 

1.50 (0.62, 3.65)

 

1.66 (0.91, 3.02)

 

1.72 (0.90, 3.30)

 

7.85 (1.24, 49.88)

 

2.41 (0.57, 10.28)

 

P for trend

  

0.30

 

0.096

 

0.095

 

0.031

 

0.25

4 m-PFOS

           
 

< Median

< 0.65

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.65–0.91

 

1.75 (0.85, 3.58)

 

0.86 (0.52, 1.42)

 

0.89 (0.52, 1.54)

 

2.88 (0.77, 10.79)

 

0.49 (0.14, 1.70)

 

Quartile 4

0.92–15.30

 

1.44 (0.56, 3.69)

 

1.24 (0.69, 2.24)

 

2.18 (1.11, 4.30)

 

2.18 (0.47, 10.13)

 

1.07 (0.24, 4.74)

 

P for trend

  

0.30

 

0.41

 

0.029

 

0.35

 

0.82

5 m-PFOS

           
 

Tertile 1

< 0.80

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

0.80–1.27

 

2.17 (1.17, 4.04)

 

0.64 (0.37, 1.13)

 

1.03 (0.61, 1.72)

 

0.71 (0.21, 2.35)

 

2.36 (0.59, 9.40)

 

Tertile 3

1.28–25.85

 

2.02 (0.86, 4.72)

 

0.61 (0.34, 1.11)

 

1.22 (0.66, 2.25)

 

0.51 (0.14, 1.84)

 

1.86 (0.31, 11.05)

 

P for trend

  

0.060

 

0.19

 

0.49

 

0.31

 

0.82

6 m-PFOS

           
 

Tertile 1

< 0.93

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

0.93–1.46

 

1.71 (0.94, 3.11)

 

0.78 (0.46, 1.32)

 

1.03 (0.62, 1.71)

 

0.83 (0.26, 2.65)

 

2.21 (0.62, 7.83)

 

Tertile 3

1.47–18.75

 

1.50 (0.71, 3.17)

 

0.90 (0.51, 1.57)

 

1.26 (0.70, 2.24)

 

0.77 (0.23, 2.55)

 

2.33 (0.51, 10.58)

 

P for trend

  

0.27

 

0.93

 

0.42

 

0.68

 

0.42

3,5 dm-PFOS

           
 

< Median

< 0.06

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.06–0.12

 

0.94 (0.53, 1.69)

 

1.24 (0.78, 1.98)

 

1.29 (0.80, 2.09)

 

1.56 (0.59, 4.15)

 

0.52 (0.16, 1.70)

 

Quartile 4

0.13–5.78

 

0.82 (0.42, 1.63)

 

1.24 (0.75, 2.05)

 

1.18 (0.69, 2.01)

 

1.31 (0.41, 4.20)

 

0.81 (0.27, 2.42)

 

P for trend

  

0.58

 

0.44

 

0.58

 

0.65

 

0.72

n-PFOA + 4 m-PFOA

          
 

Tertile 1

< 1.00

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Tertile 2

1.00–1.54

 

0.86 (0.45, 1.64)

 

0.70 (0.42, 1.16)

 

0.79 (0.46, 1.35)

 

0.50 (0.17, 1.46)

 

2.01 (0.60, 6.73)

 

Tertile 3

1.55–72.80

 

0.97 (0.46, 2.04)

 

0.79 (0.47, 1.33)

 

0.97 (0.55, 1.73)

 

3.00 (0.79, 11.44)

 

1.24 (0.35, 4.37)

 

P for trend

  

0.93

 

0.60

 

0.91

 

0.051

 

0.88

n-PFNA

           
 

< Median

< 0.19

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.19–0.27

 

1.01 (0.52, 1.95)

 

1.31 (0.79, 2.15)

 

0.88 (0.50, 1.55)

 

1.43 (0.51, 4.03)

 

0.88 (0.26, 2.97)

 

Quartile 4

0.28–3.89

 

0.74 (0.34, 1.62)

 

0.95 (0.54, 1.65)

 

0.79 (0.41, 1.53)

 

1.17 (0.32, 4.21)

 

0.36 (0.08, 1.55)

 

P for trend

  

0.49

 

0.90

 

0.49

 

0.70

 

0.16

n-PFDA

           
 

< Median

< 0.09

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.09–0.13

 

1.03 (0.53, 1.98)

 

0.97 (0.60, 1.55)

 

1.35 (0.81, 2.26)

 

0.55 (0.17, 1.81)

 

1.55 (0.47, 5.11)

 

Quartile 4

0.14–2.26

 

0.46 (0.19, 1.09)

 

0.94 (0.53, 1.68)

 

0.56 (0.29, 1.06)

 

1.47 (0.38, 5.68)

 

2.73 (0.56, 13.39)

 

P for trend

  

0.12

 

0.83

 

0.17

 

0.65

 

0.22

n-PFDoDA

           
 

< Median

< 0.05

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

1.00 (Reference)

 

Quartile 3

0.05–0.07

 

1.11 (0.56, 2.20)

 

1.20 (0.74, 1.93)

 

1.03 (0.60, 1.76)

 

2.85 (0.88, 9.18)

 

0.63 (0.20, 1.96)

 

Quartile 4

0.08–3.03

 

1.38 (0.74, 2.58)

 

1.25 (0.76, 2.05)

 

1.10 (0.66, 1.84)

 

1.44 (0.48, 4.31)

 

2.58 (0.74, 8.96)

 

P for trend

  

0.31

 

0.37

 

0.72

 

0.47

 

0.12

  1. For total PFHxS, women were dichotomized by 80%iles because of low detection frequency
  2. a Medians, tertiles, quartiles, and 80%iles are based on the distribution of plasma PFAS concentrations among controls
  3. b The adjustment variables used in this analysis are essentially the same as in Model 2 in Table 2. However, we additionally adjusted for age (continuous) and ethnicity (Caucasian, mixed, Black, Japanese Brazilian), while we did not adjust for age at menopause
  4. c The adjustment variables used in this analysis are essentially the same as in Model 2 in Table 2. However, we additionally adjusted for age (continuous) and ethnicity (Caucasian, mixed, Black, Japanese Brazilian)
  5. d The adjustment variables used in this analysis are essentially the same as in Model 2 in Table 2. However, we additionally adjusted for age (continuous)
  6. e The adjustment variables used in this analysis are essentially the same as in Model 2 in Table 2. However, we additionally adjusted for age (continuous), while vigorous physical activity was not used as a covariate because of the small number of participants engaged in vigorous physical activity. Education level was used as an ordinal variable (continuous)
  7. Bold font indicates a statistically significant association
  8. Subgroup analysis for Black ethnicity was not performed because of the small sample size
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