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Table 3 Association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and thyroid nodules in children and adolescents

From: Association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and thyroid nodules in school-aged children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Eastern China

Methods of analysis

Model

All

< threshold value

> threshold value

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

GLMEM

Crude model

1.673

(1.063,2.632)

0.026

1.132

(0.796,1.611)

0.490

1.466

(1.164–1.846)

0.001

 

Model 1

1.688

(1.084,2.627)

0.020

1.107

(0.797,1.537)

0.545

1.483

(1.189,1.849)

< 0.001

 

Model 2

1.700

(1.062,2.721)

0.027

1.112

(0.807,1.533)

0.518

1.515

(1.199,1.915)

0.001

Sensitivity analysis I a

Crude model

1.790

(0.966,3.364)

0.064

1.131

(0.789,1.620)

0.504

1.503

(1.049,2.153)

0.026

 

Model 1

1.800

(1.066,3.083)

0.028

1.077

(0.817,1.420

0.598

1.513

(1.103,2.074)

0.010

 

Model 2

1.861

(1.064,3.253)

0.030

1.088

(0.821,1.442)

0.558

1.554

(1.107,2.180)

0.011

Sensitivity analysis II b

Crude model

1.652

(1.054,2.590)

0.029

0.813

(0.581,1.138)

0.228

1.515

(1.210,1.897)

< 0.001

 

Model 1

1.665

(1.069,2.594)

0.024

0.795

(0.586,1.078)

0.140

1.533

(1.237,1.900)

< 0.001

 

Model 2

1.669

(1.058,2.633)

0.028

0.812

(0.602,1.096)

0.174

1.568

(1.251,1.966)

< 0.001

Sensitivity analysis III c

Model 2 + AL + SA

1.710

(1.069,2.734)

0.025

1.100

(0.806,1.500)

0.548

1.532

(1.200,1.956)

0.001

  1. a We defined nodules with a maximum diameter > 3 mm in the ultrasound images as thyroid nodules in the analysis
  2. b We used one-year annual concentrations (2020) as the exposure level of PM2.5 for participants in the models
  3. c We made additional adjustments for attitudes of children toward learning and school anxiety symptoms in multivariate adjustment models
  4. Abbreviations: GLMEM, generalized linear mixed-effects model; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AL, attitudes of children toward learning; SA, school anxiety symptoms
  5. Crude model: no adjustment
  6. Model 1: adjusted for sex-, age-
  7. Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, urinary iodine concentration, drinking water iodine concentration, obesity, frequency of iodine-rich food intake, daily sleep time, time spent completing homework per day, attending tutorial classes outside school, and parental smoking status
  8. School was fitted as a random effect in model
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X