Fig. 4
From: Adverse effects and underlying mechanism of rare earth elements
REEs induced adverse effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. a Cerium oxide (CeO2) exposure induced pulmonary fibrosis. Reprint from ref [110], reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). b Cardiovascular damage induced by YCl3 exposure. The images illustrate significant myocardial hypertrophy, necrosis, and fibrosis in left ventricular tissue across different YCl3 doses, highlighting the dose-dependent progression of cardiac injury. Reprint from ref [166]. c Ultrastructural changes in mouse liver after 60 days of CeCl3 exposure. The TEM images reveal dose-dependent liver damage, including nuclear chromatin condensation, mitochondrial swelling, cytoplasmic lipid droplets, and nuclear vacuolization, highlighting progressive hepatic injury across varying CeCl3 doses. Reprint from ref [183]