Fig. 5
From: Adverse effects and underlying mechanism of rare earth elements
REEs have adverse effects on the nervous system, immune system, and reproductive system. a The effects of LaCl3 on spatial learning and memory in rats. The graphs show escape latency and total distance traveled over the first five training days, indicating a dose-dependent decline in cognitive performance with increasing LaCl3 concentrations [53]. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). b Cerium nitrate (CN) exposure induces immunotoxicity in BALB/c mouse offspring. As evidenced by changes in PFC numbers and increased footpad thickness on PND 21 and PND 42. Bar graphs show mean ± SD (n = 10), with significant differences from the control group indicated. Reprint from ref [56]. c YCl3 exhibits toxic effects on the testes of adult male mice. Reduced survival rates, weight loss, decreased testes-to-body weight ratios, and histopathological changes, including impaired varicocele function, lower sperm counts, and alterations in the expression of genes related to the blood-testes barrier, clearly demonstrate this toxicity. Reprinted from ref [73]