Fig. 6
From: Adverse effects and underlying mechanism of rare earth elements
The fundamental mechanisms underlying REEs-induced toxicity. a YCl3 increases ROS and MDA levels in mouse testes, indicating oxidative stress. Reproduced from Hou et al. [73], reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). b Nd2O3 elevates inflammatory cytokine levels in NR8383 cells after 24 h of treatment. Reproduced from Huang et al. [77]. c Gd induces neuronal apoptosis by impairing mitochondrial function. Reproduced from Feng et al. [47]. d Sm2O3, Eu2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb2O3 trigger autophagy in HeLa cells. Reproduced from Yu et al. [176]