Table 2 Damaging effects of REEs on nervous, immune and reproductive systems
From: Adverse effects and underlying mechanism of rare earth elements
Organ | Element | drug delivery route | Test model | Main effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | La | Lacl3 treatment | Wistar rats | Increase in key proteins associated with autophagy | [54] |
LaCl3 | Expose to LaCl3 via the maternal placenta | Female Wistar rats | Neuronal damage | [103] | |
Gd | Expose in GBCA | Astrocyte -enriched cultures of the cerebral cortex、C6 clonal cells and U87MG clonal cells | Migration of astrocytes | [7] | |
LaCl3 | Treated with LaCl3 | Primary culture of rat cortical astrocytes | La-induced learning-memory damage | [141] | |
La(NO3)3·6H2O | La(NO3)3·6H2O was dissolved in K-medium | C. elegans strains | Neurotoxic insults and behavioral deficits in C. elegans | [64] | |
LaCl3 | Maternal rats were exposed to LaCl3 | Male Wistar rats | Learning and memory impairment induced by LaCl3 may be related to excessive autophagy | [53] | |
LaCl3 | Exposed to LaCl3 in distilled drinking water | Wistar rats | Partial brain cell damage | [173] | |
La(NO3)3 | Gavage | Sprague Dawley rats | Decreased neuron numbers in the CA1 region of the hippocampus | [164] | |
La | Oral administration | Wistar rats | Impair the learning ability | [46] | |
LaCl3 | Exposed to LaCl3 in drinking water | Wistar rats | Blood–brain barrier leakage | [160] | |
Skeleton | Ln | Orally exposed | Male CD- 1 mice | Affected the cell and humoral immunity | [33] |
Ce (NO3)3 | Oral gavage | BALB/C mouse | Reduces the proportion of NK cells in peripheral blood and spleen | [56] | |
Gd2O3 | Intravenous injection | Mice | Expanded populations of hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent progenitors in both the bone marrow | [52] | |
CeCl3 | Gavage | Male CD- 1 mice | Decreases in white blood cell, lymphocyte, platelet counts, reticulum count, and neutrophil percentage | [34] | |
Testis、placenta and so on | Nd2O3 | Adding the Nd2O3 NPs | Zebrafish | Disrupted embryo development | [31] |
Ce and Yb | 7367 pregnant women from Wuhan Children's Hospital | Reduced TSH levels | [107] | ||
YCl3 | Intraperitoneal injection | Male C57BL/6 J mice | Induce testicular damage | [73] | |
CeO2 NPs | Tail vein | Female and male BALB/c mice | Impair placental development | [32] | |
La2O3 NPs | Intragastric administration | Kunming mice | Apoptosis in the mice testes | [177] | |
Ce3+ | Intragastric administration | Male Kunming mice | Risk factor for infertility or aberrations | [28] | |
CeO2 NPs | CeO2 NPs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide | Female CD- 1 mice | Negative effect on spermatogenesis and germ cell | [91] |